System and Method for Predicting Formation in Sports

ABSTRACT

A system and method of predicting a team&#39;s formation on a playing surface are disclosed herein. A computing system retrieves one or more sets of event data for a plurality of events. Each set of event data corresponds to a segment of the event. A deep neural network, such as a mixture density network, learns to predict an optimal permutation of players in each segment of the event based on the one or more sets of event data. The deep neural network learns a distribution of players for each segment based on the corresponding event data and optimal permutation of players. The computing system generates a fully trained prediction model based on the learning. The computing system receives target event data corresponding to a target event. The computing system generates, via the trained prediction model, an expected position of each player based on the target event data.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/035,137, filed Jun. 5, 2020, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure generally relates to a system and method for predicting formation in sports.

BACKGROUND

Increasingly, sports fans and data analysts have become entrenched in sports analytics. In some situations, especially on the team-side and analyst-side of sports analytics, predicting an opponent's formation could be critical to a team's strategy heading into a game or match. The act of predicting an opponent's or team's formation has not been a trivial task, however. There is an inherent permutation disorder in team sports, which increases the difficulty at which a system can predict a team's formation or a positioning of a team's players on a playing surface given limited information.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments, a method of predicting a team's formation on a playing surface is disclosed herein. A computing system retrieves one or more sets of event data for a plurality of events. Each set of event data corresponds to a segment of the event. A deep neural network learns to predict an optimal permutation of players in each segment of the event based on the one or more sets of event data. The deep neural network learns a distribution of players for each segment based on the corresponding event data retrieved from data store and optimal permutation of players. The computing system generates a fully trained prediction model based on the learning. The computing system receives target event data corresponding to a target event. The target event data includes information directed to a team comprising a plurality of players on a playing surface. The computing system generates, via the trained prediction model, an expected position of each player of the plurality of players on the playing surface based on the target event data.

In some embodiments, a system for predicting a team's formation on a playing surface is disclosed herein. The system includes a processor and a memory. The memory has programming instructions stored thereon, which, when executed by the processor, performs one or more operations. The one or more operations include retrieving one or more sets of event data for a plurality of events. Each set of event data corresponds to a segment of the event. The one or more operations further include learning, by a deep neural network, to predict an optimal permutation of players in each segment of the event based on the one or more sets of event data. The one or more operations further include learning, by the deep neural network, a distribution of players for each segment based on the corresponding event data retrieved from data store and optimal permutation of players. The one or more operations further include generating a fully trained prediction model based on the learning. The one or more operations further include receiving target event data corresponding to a target event. The target event data includes information directed to a team comprising a plurality of players on a playing surface. The one or more operations further include generating, by the trained prediction model, an expected position of each player of the plurality of players on the playing surface based on the target event data.

In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer readable medium is disclosed herein. The non-transitory computer readable medium includes one or more sequences of instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors performs one or more operations. The one or more operations include retrieving one or more sets of event data for a plurality of events. Each set of event data corresponds to a segment of the event. The one or more operations further include learning, by a deep neural network, to predict an optimal permutation of players in each segment of the event based on the one or more sets of event data. The one or more operations further include learning, by the deep neural network, a distribution of players for each segment based on the corresponding event data retrieved from data store and optimal permutation of players. The one or more operations further include generating a fully trained prediction model based on the learning. The one or more operations further include receiving target event data corresponding to a target event. The target event data includes information directed to a team comprising a plurality of players on a playing surface. The one or more operations further include generating, by the trained prediction model, an expected position of each player of the plurality of players on the playing surface based on the target event data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the disclosure, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrated only typical embodiments of this disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the disclosure may admit to other equally effective embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a computing environment, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of training mixture density network, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of predicting a formation of a team, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates a chart illustrating an exemplary player distribution, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 5A is a block diagram illustrating a computing device, according to example embodiments.

FIG. 5B is a block diagram illustrating a computing device, according to example embodiments.

To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. It is contemplated that elements disclosed in one embodiment may be beneficially utilized on other embodiments without specific recitation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A team's formation is of key interest in continuous sports, but particularly soccer. Identifying a team's formation directly from data is challenging, however, because of the inherent permutation disorder of sports. Conventional systems have taken several different approaches to eliminate permutation noise. For example, conventional systems have used a codebook of manually labeled roles to eliminate permutation roles. In another example, conventional systems have utilized expectation maximization to automatically determine the role assignment of each player. In such example, the system observes the formation once the permutation noise has been eliminated. In another example, conventional systems have combined an expectation maximization approach with a clustering algorithm that clustered the formations (i.e., templates) observed in each game to identify archetypal formations such as a 4-4-2 formation and a 4-2-3-1 formation in a weakly supervised approach. In another example, conventional systems have utilized a tree-based clustering approach to find a hierarchy of formations (e.g., such as in basketball) and align players at each level of the tree before further splitting.

In all of the above conventional systems, however, a template (or templates) is learned from a training set. All subsequent data is then aligned to this template or templates. To analyze the formation in a given context, the conventional systems apply a filter to select the data of interest (e.g., specific team, game, and scoreline) and the formation is obtained by observing the positional distribution of each role once the permutation has been eliminated. Once the permutation disorder is removed, it remains difficult to find context-specific formations (e.g., while defending, on the counter-attack, when trailing, etc.) because of the number of examples within a specific context is limited.

The one or more techniques described herein improve upon conventional techniques by providing a prediction algorithm which may learn (i.e., predict) the formation of a team in a specific context instead of relying on filtering methods. Further, the one or more techniques described herein may use an end-to-end approach that both eliminates permutation disorder and may predict the expected positional distribution of the players (i.e., the formation). Such techniques may be achieved using a neural network framework with a Gumbel-Sinkhorn (GS) layer and mixture density network. For example, the GS layer may be trained to learn the optimal permutation, while the mixture density network may be trained to predict a distribution of player positions given the input context (such as, but not limited to, team, possession, ball location, etc.) and the permutation output by the GS layer.

Through the one or more techniques described herein, the prediction engine may enable teams and organization to generate a more accurate formational analysis. For example, the prediction engine described herein may allow teams or organization to identify the formation of a team in a highly-specific scenario or even a previously un-observed scenario, find smooth variations in a formation as a function of context, and capture the co-movements of players instead of treating each as an independent entity. Further, through the prediction engine, positional disorder in a team's current position may be quantified. Overall, by improving the permutation eliminating step, prediction engine may be able to provide more accurate downstream predictions.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a computing environment 100, according to example embodiments. Computing environment 100 may include tracking system 102, organization computing system 104, and one or more client devices 108 communicating via network 105.

Network 105 may be of any suitable type, including individual connections via the Internet, such as cellular or Wi-Fi networks. In some embodiments, network 105 may connect terminals, services, and mobile devices using direct connections, such as radio frequency identification (RFID), near-field communication (NFC), Bluetooth™, low-energy Bluetooth™ (BLE), Wi-Fi™, ZigBee™, ambient backscatter communication (ABC) protocols, USB, WAN, or LAN. Because the information transmitted may be personal or confidential, security concerns may dictate one or more of these types of connection be encrypted or otherwise secured. In some embodiments, however, the information being transmitted may be less personal, and therefore, the network connections may be selected for convenience over security.

Network 105 may include any type of computer networking arrangement used to exchange data or information. For example, network 105 may be the Internet, a private data network, virtual private network using a public network and/or other suitable connection(s) that enables components in computing environment 100 to send and receive information between the components of environment 100.

Tracking system 102 may be positioned in a venue 106. For example, venue 106 may be configured to host a sporting event that includes one or more agents 112. Tracking system 102 may be configured to record the motions of all agents (i.e., players) on the playing surface, as well as one or more other objects of relevance (e.g., ball, referees, etc.). In some embodiments, tracking system 102 may be an optically-based system using, for example, a plurality of fixed cameras. For example, a system of six stationary, calibrated cameras, which project the three-dimensional locations of players and the ball onto a two-dimensional overhead view of the court may be used. In some embodiments, tracking system 102 may be a radio-based system using, for example, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags worn by players or embedded in objects to be tracked. Generally, tracking system 102 may be configured to sample and record, at a high frame rate (e.g., 25 Hz). Tracking system 102 may be configured to store at least player identity and positional information (e.g., (x, y) position) for all agents and objects (e.g., ball, puck, etc.) on the playing surface for each frame in a game file 110.

Tracking system 102 may be configured to communicate with organization computing system 104 via network 105. Organization computing system 104 may be configured to manage and analyze the data captured by tracking system 102. Organization computing system 104 may include at least a web client application server 114, a pre-processing engine 116, a data store 118, and prediction engine 120. Each of pre-processing engine 116 and prediction engine 120 may be comprised of one or more software modules. The one or more software modules may be collections of code or instructions stored on a media (e.g., memory of organization computing system 104) that represent a series of machine instructions (e.g., program code) that implement one or more algorithmic steps. Such machine instructions may be the actual computer code the processor of organization computing system 104 interprets to implement the instructions or, alternatively, may be a higher level of coding of the instructions that is interpreted to obtain the actual computer code. The one or more software modules may also include one or more hardware components. One or more aspects of an example algorithm may be performed by the hardware components (e.g., circuitry) itself, rather as a result of the instructions.

Data store 118 may be configured to store one or more game files 124. Each game file 124 may be captured and generated by a tracking system 102. In some embodiments, each of the one or more game files 124 may include all the raw data captured from a particular game or event. For example, the raw data captured from a particular game or event may include x-, y-coordinates of the game.

Pre-processing engine 116 may be configured to process data retrieved from data store 118. For example, pre-processing engine 116 may be configured to generate one or more sets of information that may be used to train components of prediction engine 120 that are associated with predicting a team's formation. Pre-processing engine 116 may scan each of the one or more game files stored in data store 118 to identify one or more metrics that include, but are not limited to, the team that has possession, the opponent, number of players on each team, x-, y-coordinates of the ball (or puck), and the like. In some embodiments, game context may be provided, such as, but not limited to, the current score, time remaining in the game, current quarter/half/inning/period, and the like.

Prediction engine 120 may be configured to eliminate permutation noise inherent in sports data and predict the underlying formation of a team. For example, given a set of inputs (e.g., team, opponent, ball location, possession, etc.), prediction engine 120 may be configured to predict expected positions of the players. In some embodiments, the expected positions of the players may be parameterized by a set (e.g., a mixture) of n p-dimensional means and (p×p)-dimensional covariances, where n may be representative of the number of mixtures and p may be representative of the number of players. As output, prediction engine 120 may generate an optimal permutation or optimal formation. In some embodiments, prediction engine 120 may also output a semantic label associated with the optimal formation. For example, prediction engine 120 may output “4-4-2 formation,” “4-3-3 formation,” “3-5-2 formation,” “1-3-1” formation,” and the like.

Prediction engine 120 may include a deep neural network, such as, but not limited to, mixture density network 122. Mixture density network 122 may be trained to predict the optimal permutation or optimal formation of players given a set of inputs (e.g., team, opponent, ball location, possession, etc.). Mixture density network 122 may include Gumbel-Sinkhorn (GS) layer 126 and mixture density cap 128.

GS layer 126 may be trained to learn the optimal permutation. For example, given the set of inputs, GS layer 126 may be trained to perform a soft-assignment of each player to each role. This may allow for back-propagation, thus enabling prediction engine 120 to cast the problem in terms of a permutation-learning step instead of a permutation-eliminating step. Because the task is now to predict the likely distribution of player positions, those frames which are more predictive (i.e., well-formed and resembling the template) may contribute more to the overall prediction. Using soft-assignment of each player to each role and back-propagation, GS layer 126 may learn to identify the optimal permutation from a set of possible permutations.

Generally, GS layer 126 may include a Sinkhorn operator that allows for calculation of the likelihood that a permutation of player orders is a beneficial permutation. However, to apply a permutation for the mixture density network, mixture density network 122 may need to threshold (e.g., argmax) the likelihood of a permutation. This is, however, is not a straightforward process because the argmax is not differentiable. In other words, the loss coming from mixture density layer cannot propagate to the permutation learning layer (e.g., GS layer 126). To bypass the argmax, a Gumbel softmax may be used during training to allow for end-to-end learning.

In some embodiments, GS layer 126 may work by iteratively normalizing rows and columns of a matrix representation of the data until the matrix is the permutation matrix that amounts to a softmax activation function.

In some embodiments, to apply the Sinkhorn operator (i.e., to make a network that is permutation equivariant), a neural network that has N outputs, each with N features, where N is the number of players may be used. Each output may be the row of a matrix and GS layer 126 may apply the Sinkhorn operator to this matrix.

Mixture density cap 128 may be configured to learn how to predict a distribution of player positions given the input context (e.g., team, opponent, possession, ball location, etc.) and the permutation output from GS layer 126. For example, mixture density cap 128 may be trained to learn the formation by predicting the underlying distributions, which may model player positions. By learning these distributions, mixture density cap 128 may predict the formation in highly specific contexts or even unknown contexts. This is an important achievement over conventional approaches. For example, in conventional approaches, as the context becomes increasingly specific (e.g., when the ball is in a specific location on the playing surface), the number of examples is severely reduced and the observed “formation” becomes non-sensical.

In some embodiments, mixture density cap 128 may be configured to predict the likelihood of all player positions as a mixture of gaussians, with mix weight π_(i), mean μ_(i), and variance σ_(i). To find the optimal values of π, μ, and σ, mixture density network 122 may predict a set of πs, μs, σs and the likelihood of a batch of real samples may be calculated. This typically requires that the permutation of players be known. As such, the permutations learned in GS layer 126 have to be applied. By using mixture density cap 128, mixture density network 122 may be regularized in the limit of little context specific data.

Given the optimal permutation or optimal formation, prediction engine 120 may use this information to predict a role or location of a missing player. For example, when leveraging broadcast video information, due to camera angles and the overall motion of the game, one or more players currently on the playing surface may be out of the line-of-sign of the cameras. Prediction engine 120 may leverage the optimal formation prediction to identify the role and/or location of players that are outside the field of view of the camera. Prediction engine 120 may generate such prediction by transforming the current formation prediction into a player position distribution, whereby the position of each player position may be predicted. Prediction engine 120 may utilize this information to estimate those missing players and/or correct false positive identifications in computer vision systems.

In some embodiments, prediction engine 120 may be provided with a priori knowledge about the current formation of a team. For example, prediction engine 120 may be provided with human annotated or machine annotated input data. Given this a priori information, prediction engine 120 can predict player positions within that formation. In this manner, prediction engine 120 may be configured to estimate player positions of players missing from the broadcast stream.

Client device 108 may be in communication with organization computing system 104 via network 105. Client device 108 may be operated by a user. For example, client device 108 may be a mobile device, a tablet, a desktop computer, or any computing system having the capabilities described herein. Users may include, but are not limited to, individuals such as, for example, subscribers, clients, prospective clients, or customers of an entity associated with organization computing system 104, such as individuals who have obtained, will obtain, or may obtain a product, service, or consultation from an entity associated with organization computing system 104.

Client device 108 may include at least application 132. Application 132 may be representative of a web browser that allows access to a website or a stand-alone application. Client device 108 may use access application 132 to access one or more functionalities of organization computing system 104. Client device 108 may communicate over network 105 to request a webpage, for example, from web client application server 114 of organization computing system 104. For example, client device 108 may be configured to execute application 132 to access content managed by web client application server 114. The content that is displayed to client device 108 may be transmitted from web client application server 114 to client device 108, and subsequently processed by application 132 for display through a graphical user interface (GUI) of client device 108.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 200 of training mixture density network 122, according to example embodiments. Method 200 may begin at step 202.

At step 202, organization computing system 104 may retrieve one or more sets of event data from data store 118. For example, pre-processing engine 116 may retrieve the one or more sets of event data from data store 118. In some embodiments, event data may include information associated with each possession of a given match. For example, event data may include team with possession, opponent, x-,y-coordinates of the ball, and the like. As those skilled in the art recognize, each game or match may include a plurality of sets of data, each set of data corresponding to a respective possession or partial possession.

At step 204, organization computing system 104 may parameterize mixture density network 122 based on the one or more sets of data. For example, pre-processing engine 116 may parameterize mixture density network 122 by a set (i.e., mixture) of n p-dimensional means and (p×p)-dimensional covariances, where n may represent the number of mixtures and p may represent the number of players.

At step 206, organization computing system 104 may learn, based on the one or more data sets, to predict an optimal formation of players. For example, GS layer 126 may learn to perform a soft-assignment of each player to each role based on at least one or more of the team with possession, the opponent, and the x-,y-coordinates of the ball or puck. The soft-assignment of each player to each role may result in a set of possible permutations generated. Using backpropagation, GS layer 126 may learn how to identify the optimal permutation from a set of possible permutations.

In some embodiments, prediction engine 120 may learn a semantic label associated with each optimal formation. For example, prediction engine 120 may learn to generate a semantic label, such as, but not limited to, “4-4-2 formation,” “4-3-3 formation,” “3-5-2 formation,” “1-3-1” formation,” and the like.

At step 208, organization computing system 104 may learn, based on the one or more data sets and the optimal permutation, a distribution of players. For example, mixture density cap 128 may be trained to learn the formation by predicting the underlying distributions, which may model player positions. By learning these distributions, mixture density cap 128 may predict the formation in highly specific contexts or even unknown contexts.

At step 210, organization computing system 104 may output a fully trained prediction model. For example, organization computing system 104 may output a fully trained mixture density network 122 configured to predict a formation of a team.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 300 of predicting a formation of a team, according to example embodiments. Method 300 may begin at step 302.

At step 302, organization computing system 104 may receive event information for a given match or possession. For example, organization computing system 104 may receive event information from client device 108. In some embodiments, event information may include at least data related to one or more of the team with the ball, the opponent, and x-, y-coordinates of the ball or puck.

At step 304, organization computing system 104 may input the event information into prediction engine 120. In some embodiment, inputting the event information into prediction engine 120 may include parameterizing mixture density network 122 based on the event data. For example, pre-processing engine 116 may parameterize mixture density network 122 by a set (i.e., mixture) of n p-dimensional means and (p×p)-dimensional covariances, where n may represent a number of mixtures and p may represent a number of players described in the event data.

At step 306, organization computing system 104 may generate expected positions of each player based on the event information. GS layer 126 may generate an optimal permutation based on the event data. For example, using a soft-assignment of each player to each role based on at event information, GS layer 126 may generate a plurality of possible permutations. From the plurality of possible permutations, GS layer 126 may identify the optimal permutation. Mixture density cap 128 may predict the underlying distributions of each player based on the event information and the output from GS layer 126. Mixture density cap 128 may then predict the formation of the players.

In some embodiments, prediction engine 120 may also output a semantic label associated with the optimal formation. For example, prediction engine 120 may output “4-4-2 formation,” “4-3-3 formation,” “3-5-2 formation,” “1-3-1” formation,” and the like.

As those skilled in the art recognize, mixture density network 122 offers numerous advantages over conventional systems. First, mixture density network 122 may be configured to generate a multi-modal distribution of likely player positions. As teams are rarely found in their exact formation, such functionality aids in capturing the uncertainty and variability of sport formations. Second, mixture density network 122 may be able to model the interaction of all players simultaneously. For example, mixture density network 122 may generate, as output, a 2p-dimensional distribution, which describes the players' positioning, where p may represent the number of players and the factor of 2 may be based on the x-, y-coordinates. This allows for mixture density network 122 to not only model the expected positions of the players, but also how variation in one player's location may impact another. In contrast, conventional approaches treat this as a two, p-dimensional distributions, and therefore is incapable of identifying or capturing the interaction between players.

FIG. 4 illustrates a chart 400 illustrating an exemplary player distribution, according to example embodiments. As illustrated, chart 400 may include ball locations 402 ₁-402 ₄ (generally “ball location 402”) and player distributions 404. Each player distribution may correspond to a player's distribution and the color may corresponds to a ball location 402 that generated it. As illustrated, the team is in a base 4-3-2-1 formation, but that the exact shape of the team and positioning of the players varies as the location of the ball changes.

FIG. 5A illustrates an architecture of a computing system 500, according to example embodiments. System 500 may be representative of at least a portion of organization computing system 104. One or more components of system 500 may be in electrical communication with each other using a bus 505. System 500 may include a processing unit (CPU or processor) 510 and a system bus 505 that couples various system components including the system memory 515, such as read only memory (ROM) 520 and random access memory (RAM) 525, to processor 510. System 500 may include a cache of high-speed memory connected directly with, in close proximity to, or integrated as part of processor 510. System 500 may copy data from memory 515 and/or storage device 530 to cache 512 for quick access by processor 510. In this way, cache 512 may provide a performance boost that avoids processor 510 delays while waiting for data. These and other modules may control or be configured to control processor 510 to perform various actions. Other system memory 515 may be available for use as well. Memory 515 may include multiple different types of memory with different performance characteristics. Processor 510 may include any general-purpose processor and a hardware module or software module, such as service 1 532, service 2 534, and service 3 536 stored in storage device 530, configured to control processor 510 as well as a special-purpose processor where software instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. Processor 510 may essentially be a completely self-contained computing system, containing multiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller, cache, etc. A multi-core processor may be symmetric or asymmetric.

To enable user interaction with the computing system 500, an input device 545 may represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a microphone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or graphical input, keyboard, mouse, motion input, speech and so forth. An output device 535 (e.g., display) may also be one or more of a number of output mechanisms known to those of skill in the art. In some instances, multimodal systems may enable a user to provide multiple types of input to communicate with computing system 500. Communications interface 540 may generally govern and manage the user input and system output. There is no restriction on operating on any particular hardware arrangement and therefore the basic features here may easily be substituted for improved hardware or firmware arrangements as they are developed.

Storage device 530 may be a non-volatile memory and may be a hard disk or other types of computer readable media which may store data that are accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, solid state memory devices, digital versatile disks, cartridges, random access memories (RAMs) 525, read only memory (ROM) 520, and hybrids thereof.

Storage device 530 may include services 532, 534, and 536 for controlling the processor 510. Other hardware or software modules are contemplated. Storage device 530 may be connected to system bus 505. In one aspect, a hardware module that performs a particular function may include the software component stored in a computer-readable medium in connection with the necessary hardware components, such as processor 510, bus 505, output device 535, and so forth, to carry out the function.

FIG. 5B illustrates a computer system 550 having a chipset architecture that may represent at least a portion of organization computing system 104. Computer system 550 may be an example of computer hardware, software, and firmware that may be used to implement the disclosed technology. System 550 may include a processor 555, representative of any number of physically and/or logically distinct resources capable of executing software, firmware, and hardware configured to perform identified computations. Processor 555 may communicate with a chipset 560 that may control input to and output from processor 555. In this example, chipset 560 outputs information to output 565, such as a display, and may read and write information to storage device 570, which may include magnetic media, and solid state media, for example. Chipset 560 may also read data from and write data to RAM 575. A bridge 580 for interfacing with a variety of user interface components 585 may be provided for interfacing with chipset 560. Such user interface components 585 may include a keyboard, a microphone, touch detection and processing circuitry, a pointing device, such as a mouse, and so on. In general, inputs to system 550 may come from any of a variety of sources, machine generated and/or human generated.

Chipset 560 may also interface with one or more communication interfaces 590 that may have different physical interfaces. Such communication interfaces may include interfaces for wired and wireless local area networks, for broadband wireless networks, as well as personal area networks. Some applications of the methods for generating, displaying, and using the GUI disclosed herein may include receiving ordered datasets over the physical interface or be generated by the machine itself by processor 555 analyzing data stored in storage device 570 or RAM 575. Further, the machine may receive inputs from a user through user interface components 585 and execute appropriate functions, such as browsing functions by interpreting these inputs using processor 555.

It may be appreciated that example systems 500 and 550 may have more than one processor 510 or be part of a group or cluster of computing devices networked together to provide greater processing capability.

While the foregoing is directed to embodiments described herein, other and further embodiments may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof. For example, aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or software or a combination of hardware and software. One embodiment described herein may be implemented as a program product for use with a computer system. The program(s) of the program product define functions of the embodiments (including the methods described herein) and can be contained on a variety of computer-readable storage media. Illustrative computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to: (i) non-writable storage media (e.g., read-only memory (ROM) devices within a computer, such as CD-ROM disks readably by a CD-ROM drive, flash memory, ROM chips, or any type of solid-state non-volatile memory) on which information is permanently stored; and (ii) writable storage media (e.g., floppy disks within a diskette drive or hard-disk drive or any type of solid state random-access memory) on which alterable information is stored. Such computer-readable storage media, when carrying computer-readable instructions that direct the functions of the disclosed embodiments, are embodiments of the present disclosure.

It will be appreciated to those skilled in the art that the preceding examples are exemplary and not limiting. It is intended that all permutations, enhancements, equivalents, and improvements thereto are apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings are included within the true spirit and scope of the present disclosure. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims include all such modifications, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of these teachings. 

1. A method of predicting a team's formation on a playing surface, comprising: retrieving, by a computing system, one or more sets of event data for a plurality of events, wherein each set of event data corresponds to a segment of a respective event; learning, by a deep neural network, to predict an optimal permutation of players in each segment of each respective event based on the one or more sets of event data; learning, by the deep neural network, a distribution of players for each segment based on the corresponding event data retrieved from data store and optimal permutation of players; generating, by the computing system, a fully trained prediction model based on the learning; receiving, by the computing system, target event data corresponding to a target event, the target event data comprising information directed to a team comprising a plurality of players on a target playing surface; and generating, by the trained prediction model, an expected position of each player of the plurality of players on the target playing surface based on the target event data.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: for each set of event data, determining, by the computing system, a number of players on the playing surface; and parameterizing, by the computing system, the deep neural network based on the number of players on the playing surface.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein learning, by the deep neural network, to predict the optimal permutation of players in each segment of the event based on the one or more sets of event data comprises: softly-assigning each player to a role based on the event information to generate a plurality of possible permutations.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein learning, by the deep neural network, the distribution of players for each segment based on the corresponding event data retrieved from the data store and the optimal permutation of players comprises: learning to predict an underlying distribution of players in the optimal permutation of players.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein generating, by the trained prediction model, the expected position of each player of the plurality of players on the playing surface based on the target event data, comprises: generating, as output, a 2p-dimensional distribution, that describes each player's positioning on the playing surface, wherein p represents a number of players of the plurality of players.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating, by the computing system, a semantic label of a formation corresponding to the expected position of each player of the plurality of players on the target playing surface. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the computing system, a broadcast stream of the target event; determining, by the computing system, that at least one target player is absent from a video frame of the broadcast stream; and identifying, by the computing system, an inferred position of the at least one target player based on the expected position of each player of the plurality of players on the target playing surface.
 8. A system for predicting a team's formation on a playing surface, comprising: a processor; and a memory having programming instructions stored thereon, which, when executed by the processor, performs one or more operations, comprising: retrieving one or more sets of event data for a plurality of events, wherein each set of event data corresponds to a segment of each respective event; learning, by a deep neural network, to predict an optimal permutation of players in each segment of each respective event based on the one or more sets of event data; learning, by the deep neural network, a distribution of players for each segment based on the corresponding event data retrieved from data store and optimal permutation of players; generating a fully trained prediction model based on the learning; receiving target event data corresponding to a target event, the target event data comprising information directed to a team comprising a plurality of players on a target playing surface; and generating, by the trained prediction model, an expected position of each player of the plurality of players on the target playing surface based on the target event data.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the one or more operations further comprise: for each set of event data, determining a number of players on a playing surface; and parameterizing the deep neural network based on the number of players on the playing surface.
 10. The system of claim 8, wherein learning, by the deep neural network, to predict the optimal permutation of players in each segment of the event based on the one or more sets of event data comprises: softly-assigning each player to a role based on the event information to generate a plurality of possible permutations.
 11. The system of claim 8, wherein learning, by the deep neural network, the distribution of players for each segment based on the corresponding event data retrieved from data store and the optimal permutation of players comprises: learning to predict an underlying distribution of players in the optimal permutation of players.
 12. The system of claim 8, wherein generating, by the trained prediction model, an expected position of each player of the plurality of players on the playing surface based on the target event data, comprises: generating, as output, a 2p-dimensional distribution, that describes each player's positioning on the playing surface, wherein p represents a number of players of the plurality of players.
 13. The system of claim 8, wherein the one or more operations further comprise: generating a semantic label of a formation corresponding to the expected position of each player of the plurality of players on the target playing surface.
 14. The system of claim 8, wherein the one or more operations further comprise: receiving a broadcast stream of the target event; determining that at least one target player is absent from a video frame of the broadcast stream; and identifying an inferred position of the at least one target player based on the expected position of each player of the plurality of players on the target playing surface.
 15. A non-transitory computer readable medium including one or more sequences of instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, causes a computing system to perform operations, comprising: retrieving, by the computing system, one or more sets of event data for a plurality of events, wherein each set of event data corresponds to a segment of each respective event; learning, by a deep neural network, to predict an optimal permutation of players in each segment of each respective event based on the one or more sets of event data; learning, by the deep neural network, a distribution of players for each segment based on the corresponding event data retrieved from data store and optimal permutation of players; generating, by the computing system, a fully trained prediction model based on the learning; receiving, by the computing system, target event data corresponding to a target event, the target event data comprising information directed to a team comprising a plurality of players on a playing surface; and generating, by the trained prediction model, an expected position of each player of the plurality of players on the playing surface based on the target event data.
 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, further comprising: for each set of event data, determining, by the computing system, a number of players on a playing surface; and parameterizing, by the computing system, the deep neural network based on the number of players on the playing surface.
 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein learning, by the deep neural network, to predict the optimal permutation of players in each segment of the event based on the one or more sets of event data comprises: softly-assigning each player to a role based on the event information to generate a plurality of possible permutations.
 18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein learning, by the deep neural network, the distribution of players for each segment based on the corresponding event data retrieved from data store and the optimal permutation of players comprises: learning to predict an underlying distribution of players in the optimal permutation of players.
 19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein the event information comprises team information, opponent information, possession information, and x-,y-coordinates of a ball.
 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 15, wherein generating, by the trained prediction model, the expected position of each player of the plurality of players on the playing surface based on the target event data, comprises: generating, as output, a 2p-dimensional distribution, that describes each player's positioning on the playing surface, wherein p represents a number of players of the plurality of players. 